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[Music]

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hello folks thank you for the

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opportunity to speak about what we've

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been working on for the last few years

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we've been looking at harvesting zero

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point energy and today what i'd like to

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do is talk to you not only about zero

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point energy and the technology that

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we've been working on but also about my

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journey and the scientific interactions

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that we've had in these organizations

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that we're in we tend to deal with

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skeptics and

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data and

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trying to convince people

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what i find interesting in this work

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we're doing now is that what we're doing

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is physics it's it's uh uh

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based upon standard physical principles

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and yet we're also interacting with the

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same sort of skepticism and doubt that

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we do in some of the more

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uh exotic topics that we deal with

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so let's take a look at the journey that

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we're going through

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uh

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in doing

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our in in working on our technology we

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have to

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uh deal with

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uh the second law of thermodynamics

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because the second law of thermodynamics

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among other things and we'll be getting

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into that

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says that you can't you can't harvest

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energy

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from uh the background uh that would

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that would violate the second law and so

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if in fact that's what we're doing it

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would appear to be a violation of the

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second law

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so we've been working on this for a

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number of years and i interacted with a

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colleague

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who is a very respected physicist and a

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nice guy and he looked through our data

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and he said

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uh

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this seems to be okay

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but

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and so we went back and forth by email

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and this is from one of the final emails

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that he sent to me

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he said hi garrett look most people are

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not going to believe your paper and

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that's with good reason it's almost

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certainly wrong like every other paper

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that has claimed to get something from

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nothing

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there have been many many people saying

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the second law is wrong so far they've

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all been wrong

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yours might after all the failures be

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the first success but that's not how the

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smart money is going to bet i'm not

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ignoring your data i'm just balancing

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your data against all the data that says

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the second law of thermodynamics isn't

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viable

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it's not a great statement

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and he he raises good points so let's

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see what this is all about

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so

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in this journey i'm first going to talk

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about zero point energy what it is where

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it came from and what in general we

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think uh

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it might be from

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uh then we'll talk about the challenges

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in harvesting it

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and ways to meet those challenges

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at that point we'll get into our

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technology and talk about the device and

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the results and

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everything we've been looking at

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and then

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step back a little bit and look at the

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implications of this technology for the

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world

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to step back again and look at the

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implications for the second law of

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thermodynamics and what issues we have

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there

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we'll take a look at the objections and

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uh

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and then finally we step back a little

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bit farther and say how do we make

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science work better is it working right

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how do you find the balance between

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skepticism and acceptance

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and

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could our results be valid or are we

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deluding ourselves

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okay so let's get going so the first

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issue that we're going to be looking at

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is zero point energy itself of what it

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is

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uh and its origins uh are twofold

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uh in uh

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in 1900 max planck uh

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developed

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the idea of what became known as the

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planck distribution function

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and he was trying to model the black

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body thermal distribution of energy

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that's all around us and he found that

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in fact

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there was a problem in the way that it

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had been modeled and he needed to model

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it with this parameter h

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which became known as planck's constant

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but more important from our perspective

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is that he found that it's temperature

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dependent and he put a temperature

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dependence into the blackbody

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distribution and this is what today is

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known as the planck distribution

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function

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and

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this was

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mechanics he was the grandfather of the

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whole field

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and it started off our new understanding

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but about 11 years later he'd been

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dealing with the fact that his theory

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didn't quite match

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the data and he found that he needed to

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add another term

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and so this other term

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is uh hf the blanks planck's constant

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times the frequency over two

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and

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it is not temperature dependent as you

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can see

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uh and this uh became known as zero

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point energy and he included it simply

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because it was

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uh necessary to uh match uh

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the experiment and uh his formula

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uh but it was largely ignored by the uh

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physics community

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until uh a a couple of decades later

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really when uh this zero point energy

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had a resurgence

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due to

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um

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the uncertainty principle and we'll be

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getting into that in a minute so what

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are the consequences of this uh

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zero point energy so here i have a plot

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of the density of energy of radiation

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all around us in the vacuum everywhere

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as a function of photon energy so photon

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energy is proportional to the frequency

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uh or inversely proportional to the

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wavelength this is the infrared light

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down here this is

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ultraviolet light and this is visible

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and so you see this rounded curve here

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is the thermal black body radiation

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curve

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it is the radiation coming from

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everything from the ambient that's all

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around us

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we don't see it

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at night for example because it's in the

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infrared so we don't have a vision in

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the infrared and if we did we would be

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able to see it

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but that's not what i want to talk about

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here there's also this other term and

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this is the hf over two term uh in the

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in the formula and this is the quantum

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vacuum or zero point energy radiation

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and it just goes up and up and up and up

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as you increase photon energy and

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there's a huge amount of energy density

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in

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space all around us because of this zero

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point energy radiation

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this is a fairly well established

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fact in

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quantum theory and there isn't too much

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debate about it

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um

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it comes about uh as i said two

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different ways it fills all space

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it was proposed originally by planck

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and

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then later from the uncertainty

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principle so the uncertainty principle

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says that you cannot know to absolute

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precision

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two

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different types of complementary

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variables at the same time for example

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you cannot know the absolute

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precision

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of where a particle is

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and its momentum or velocity at the same

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time either you know where it is or you

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know how fast it's moving but you can't

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know both

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therefore if a particle sat still it

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you'd know both and so no particle

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stands sit still so the uncertainty

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principle says nothing sits still

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and because nothing sits still it all

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wiggles that is zero point energy and

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not only do particles wiggle but free

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space itself wiggles and that's in the

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form of electromagnetic

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vibrations

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and also

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particles coming into and out of

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existence

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and so

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really the

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origin of zero point energy

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is intimately tied to the uncertainty

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principle

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there's another way of expressing the

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uncertainty principle and that is the

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uncertainty in the amount of time that

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something lives for

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is inversely proportional to the amount

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of energy that it has so you can

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actually violate conservation of energy

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for a very very short time and the

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shorter the time is the more energy you

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can have but then the energy blips away

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and it goes away again

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and uh so we're going to take a look at

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that okay so that's what a zero-point

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energy is

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all sorts of people have been thinking

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about harvesting it and some have

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claimed to

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but there are some fundamental issues in

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trying to harvest it so from my

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perspective it really boils down to

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three main issues that are problematic

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the first issue

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is that the zero point state is the

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universal ground state everything all

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matter all space

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has this unit this

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zero point energy everywhere so if

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something is universal and flat in its

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distribution how do you cause a flow how

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do you cause it to flow from one place

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to another you can't

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not if it's it's if it's a universal

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ground state and so that's a fundamental

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argument as to why you can't harvest

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syrup and energy

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another one has to do with this pesky

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second law of thermodynamics

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and so this is an equilibrium state

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where everything is in balance there's

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no net flows of anything

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and therefore how could you violate that

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to get a net flow of energy out of the

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vacuum

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and then the third problem is this one i

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mentioned about the very short

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fluctuation nature of zero point energy

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the fluctuations come into and out of

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existence very very quickly and so how

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could you possibly deal with them so

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let's talk about these three in turn

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first the issue of the universal ground

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state well can we modify the ground

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state

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and it turns out that we can

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and

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the way that we modify it is by using

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the fact that it's an enter that it's a

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geometry dependent ground state so that

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means

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00:11:15,750 --> 00:11:13,760
that the physical geometry of the system

292
00:11:21,030 --> 00:11:15,760
which we'll talk about in a moment can

293
00:11:22,550 --> 00:11:21,040
be used to create kind of a a a avoid a

294
00:11:25,190 --> 00:11:22,560
region with lower

295
00:11:27,910 --> 00:11:25,200
uh um zero point energy so it's an

296
00:11:29,430 --> 00:11:27,920
analogous to the ocean if the ocean is

297
00:11:32,550 --> 00:11:29,440
flat everywhere

298
00:11:36,150 --> 00:11:32,560
uh then imagine if we could just make a

299
00:11:39,509 --> 00:11:36,160
dip out a region of the ocean which uh

300
00:11:42,710 --> 00:11:39,519
in which the the surface were lower

301
00:11:45,030 --> 00:11:42,720
so it's analogous to that and this is by

302
00:11:46,630 --> 00:11:45,040
using a casimir cavity so what is the

303
00:11:47,509 --> 00:11:46,640
casimir cavity

304
00:11:50,710 --> 00:11:47,519
um

305
00:11:53,030 --> 00:11:50,720
in 1948 hendrick casimir

306
00:11:56,069 --> 00:11:53,040
developed a theory in which he said that

307
00:11:57,910 --> 00:11:56,079
if you have two closely split placed

308
00:12:00,870 --> 00:11:57,920
mirrors

309
00:12:03,430 --> 00:12:00,880
there are wavelengths electromagnetic

310
00:12:04,629 --> 00:12:03,440
wavelengths light within it

311
00:12:05,750 --> 00:12:04,639
that can

312
00:12:08,230 --> 00:12:05,760
exist

313
00:12:11,030 --> 00:12:08,240
as long as they're an integer number of

314
00:12:13,030 --> 00:12:11,040
half wavelengths within this category

315
00:12:15,110 --> 00:12:13,040
within this

316
00:12:16,629 --> 00:12:15,120
this closely spaced

317
00:12:17,750 --> 00:12:16,639
mirror region

318
00:12:20,949 --> 00:12:17,760
and if

319
00:12:22,949 --> 00:12:20,959
in fact they are longer wavelengths then

320
00:12:24,949 --> 00:12:22,959
they're suppressed they can't exist in

321
00:12:26,949 --> 00:12:24,959
this region and

322
00:12:28,069 --> 00:12:26,959
only the shorter wavelengths can and the

323
00:12:30,310 --> 00:12:28,079
ones that meet

324
00:12:33,430 --> 00:12:30,320
boundary conditions and so this is an

325
00:12:36,310 --> 00:12:33,440
image here of a casimir cavity you can

326
00:12:39,110 --> 00:12:36,320
see that outside the casimir cavity all

327
00:12:40,470 --> 00:12:39,120
of the electromagnetic modes are pushing

328
00:12:43,190 --> 00:12:40,480
on the walls

329
00:12:45,910 --> 00:12:43,200
inside the casimir cavity

330
00:12:48,389 --> 00:12:45,920
there's a reduced set of modes that are

331
00:12:51,509 --> 00:12:48,399
pushing against the walls and so the net

332
00:12:52,710 --> 00:12:51,519
effect is that the two walls get pushed

333
00:12:57,030 --> 00:12:52,720
together

334
00:13:00,790 --> 00:12:57,040
casimir force

335
00:13:03,509 --> 00:13:00,800
he proposed this in 1948 and it wasn't

336
00:13:05,590 --> 00:13:03,519
for quite a few decades until this was

337
00:13:07,509 --> 00:13:05,600
experimentally tested and verified and

338
00:13:09,590 --> 00:13:07,519
he was exactly right

339
00:13:11,990 --> 00:13:09,600
it turns out though that this casimir

340
00:13:14,150 --> 00:13:12,000
force is only significant when you get

341
00:13:16,550 --> 00:13:14,160
down to very very small geometries to

342
00:13:19,430 --> 00:13:16,560
spacing of less than a micron which is a

343
00:13:22,230 --> 00:13:19,440
millionth of a meter

344
00:13:24,710 --> 00:13:22,240
um and so

345
00:13:26,949 --> 00:13:24,720
when people think about harvesting zero

346
00:13:29,430 --> 00:13:26,959
point energy often they think about

347
00:13:31,670 --> 00:13:29,440
trying to use the casimir force

348
00:13:33,910 --> 00:13:31,680
and harvesting that force

349
00:13:36,389 --> 00:13:33,920
but it turns out you really can't

350
00:13:38,949 --> 00:13:36,399
because yes you can get energy from

351
00:13:41,430 --> 00:13:38,959
those two plates going together but once

352
00:13:44,310 --> 00:13:41,440
the two plates are together if you pull

353
00:13:45,670 --> 00:13:44,320
them apart to do them to do that again

354
00:13:47,269 --> 00:13:45,680
you've

355
00:13:49,189 --> 00:13:47,279
had to use all the energy that you

356
00:13:51,670 --> 00:13:49,199
gained from having the two plates come

357
00:13:55,269 --> 00:13:51,680
together so you really don't gain much

358
00:14:00,710 --> 00:13:56,710
therefore

359
00:14:02,790 --> 00:14:00,720
we are not looking at the casimir force

360
00:14:04,790 --> 00:14:02,800
in this technology that i'm going to be

361
00:14:06,949 --> 00:14:04,800
talking about today what we're

362
00:14:09,030 --> 00:14:06,959
interested in is the fact that inside

363
00:14:12,470 --> 00:14:09,040
this casimir cavity

364
00:14:14,949 --> 00:14:12,480
uh the energy density is lower and

365
00:14:16,470 --> 00:14:14,959
that's what we're going to be using

366
00:14:19,430 --> 00:14:16,480
so in that way

367
00:14:21,269 --> 00:14:19,440
we can get around the second issue this

368
00:14:23,509 --> 00:14:21,279
this this first issue of the universal

369
00:14:25,430 --> 00:14:23,519
ground state can we modify it so we'll

370
00:14:27,509 --> 00:14:25,440
be using casimir cavities

371
00:14:29,509 --> 00:14:27,519
then comes this pesky second issue of

372
00:14:31,189 --> 00:14:29,519
the violation of the second law of

373
00:14:32,230 --> 00:14:31,199
thermodynamics

374
00:14:38,150 --> 00:14:32,240
and

375
00:14:40,069 --> 00:14:38,160
the way around it will involve

376
00:14:43,110 --> 00:14:40,079
as you'll see these short-lived

377
00:14:44,949 --> 00:14:43,120
fluctuations but before we go there

378
00:14:46,389 --> 00:14:44,959
let's think a little bit about

379
00:14:51,269 --> 00:14:46,399
equilibrium

380
00:14:53,829 --> 00:14:51,279
is a quiescent state where everything is

381
00:14:55,910 --> 00:14:53,839
uniform there's no flow from anywhere

382
00:14:59,430 --> 00:14:55,920
from one place to another

383
00:15:02,870 --> 00:14:59,440
and that's a conservation

384
00:15:05,509 --> 00:15:02,880
uh perspective uh looking at it from the

385
00:15:07,269 --> 00:15:05,519
principle of equilibrium you can also

386
00:15:09,430 --> 00:15:07,279
take a kinetic view

387
00:15:11,189 --> 00:15:09,440
and that kinetic view is going to be

388
00:15:12,389 --> 00:15:11,199
informative to us

389
00:15:15,509 --> 00:15:12,399
equilibrium

390
00:15:18,230 --> 00:15:15,519
means detailed balance and in detail

391
00:15:20,389 --> 00:15:18,240
balance we actually can have

392
00:15:22,790 --> 00:15:20,399
different parts of the system let's say

393
00:15:26,389 --> 00:15:22,800
part a and part b and there can be

394
00:15:29,269 --> 00:15:26,399
energy flow in equilibrium from a to b

395
00:15:32,470 --> 00:15:29,279
but it'll be balanced precisely by an

396
00:15:36,150 --> 00:15:32,480
energy flow from b to a and so we get

397
00:15:38,550 --> 00:15:36,160
this net flow of zero by balancing every

398
00:15:39,590 --> 00:15:38,560
flow between every different part of the

399
00:15:43,590 --> 00:15:39,600
system

400
00:15:45,910 --> 00:15:43,600
and so uh from looking at equilibrium

401
00:15:47,590 --> 00:15:45,920
from this detailed balance perspective

402
00:15:50,790 --> 00:15:47,600
it'll provide some

403
00:15:52,949 --> 00:15:50,800
uh uh insights into us into how we might

404
00:15:54,629 --> 00:15:52,959
harvest this zero point energy now what

405
00:15:57,110 --> 00:15:54,639
would happen if we didn't have this

406
00:16:00,069 --> 00:15:57,120
detailed balance well let's say that we

407
00:16:03,110 --> 00:16:00,079
had zero point energy in nature

408
00:16:05,910 --> 00:16:03,120
and uh we we didn't have to uh we didn't

409
00:16:08,470 --> 00:16:05,920
have detailed balance in that case if

410
00:16:10,870 --> 00:16:08,480
the zero point energy that's all around

411
00:16:12,790 --> 00:16:10,880
interacted say with the leaf that leaf

412
00:16:14,470 --> 00:16:12,800
has non-linearities in it things that

413
00:16:16,949 --> 00:16:14,480
are going to convert that zero point

414
00:16:18,790 --> 00:16:16,959
energy into heat and we'd be seeing

415
00:16:20,389 --> 00:16:18,800
seeing heating everywhere but we don't

416
00:16:23,189 --> 00:16:20,399
see heating everywhere

417
00:16:26,389 --> 00:16:23,199
things are really in balance

418
00:16:28,870 --> 00:16:26,399
and so this detailed balance is what we

419
00:16:31,910 --> 00:16:28,880
need to be able to break if we're going

420
00:16:34,550 --> 00:16:31,920
to harvest zero point energy

421
00:16:35,430 --> 00:16:34,560
okay so how might we do it

422
00:16:37,430 --> 00:16:35,440
well

423
00:16:39,829 --> 00:16:37,440
let's take a look at those extremely

424
00:16:40,870 --> 00:16:39,839
short-lived fluctuations

425
00:16:43,189 --> 00:16:40,880
uh

426
00:16:45,990 --> 00:16:43,199
there is the notion that's been

427
00:16:47,590 --> 00:16:46,000
developed by wood and others over a

428
00:16:48,389 --> 00:16:47,600
number of years

429
00:16:49,110 --> 00:16:48,399
that

430
00:16:52,310 --> 00:16:49,120
uh

431
00:16:54,870 --> 00:16:52,320
if you you can develop a sort of quantum

432
00:16:58,629 --> 00:16:54,880
inequality and in this quantum

433
00:17:01,110 --> 00:16:58,639
inequality an amount of energy delta e

434
00:17:04,309 --> 00:17:01,120
can be borrowed from the quantum vacuum

435
00:17:06,870 --> 00:17:04,319
for an amount of time delta t and this

436
00:17:09,029 --> 00:17:06,880
follows an uncertainty principle sort of

437
00:17:11,429 --> 00:17:09,039
relationship so the larger the amount of

438
00:17:12,549 --> 00:17:11,439
energy you borrow the less time you have

439
00:17:13,990 --> 00:17:12,559
it for

440
00:17:16,789 --> 00:17:14,000
so for example

441
00:17:19,189 --> 00:17:16,799
let if you want to borrow a red light

442
00:17:21,429 --> 00:17:19,199
photon which is about two electron volts

443
00:17:23,429 --> 00:17:21,439
you can borrow it but you need you can

444
00:17:26,069 --> 00:17:23,439
only borrow it for

445
00:17:30,710 --> 00:17:26,079
about a tenth of a femtosecond so that's

446
00:17:33,990 --> 00:17:30,720
a point zero with fifteen zeros one six

447
00:17:35,669 --> 00:17:34,000
seconds it's an extremely short time

448
00:17:38,549 --> 00:17:35,679
and so

449
00:17:41,029 --> 00:17:38,559
if you can borrow this though perhaps we

450
00:17:43,909 --> 00:17:41,039
can do something with it because if we

451
00:17:45,510 --> 00:17:43,919
can borrow it perhaps we can capture it

452
00:17:47,510 --> 00:17:45,520
but we need to be able to capture it

453
00:17:50,310 --> 00:17:47,520
extremely quickly

454
00:17:52,789 --> 00:17:50,320
and in that way maybe maybe we could

455
00:17:55,909 --> 00:17:52,799
skirt detailed balance so let's talk

456
00:17:58,710 --> 00:17:55,919
about how you might borrow it

457
00:18:00,789 --> 00:17:58,720
uh the way that i'm proposing

458
00:18:02,870 --> 00:18:00,799
is to use a metal insulator metal

459
00:18:04,789 --> 00:18:02,880
barrier so we're tunneling

460
00:18:06,950 --> 00:18:04,799
through a metal insulator metal barrier

461
00:18:09,510 --> 00:18:06,960
what does that be got a metal thin

462
00:18:13,110 --> 00:18:09,520
insulator just a few angstroms thick

463
00:18:16,630 --> 00:18:13,120
and another metal layer if you have

464
00:18:18,070 --> 00:18:16,640
an excited state here let's say a hot

465
00:18:19,510 --> 00:18:18,080
electron that's an electron that's

466
00:18:21,510 --> 00:18:19,520
energetic

467
00:18:24,549 --> 00:18:21,520
it can tunnel through

468
00:18:26,789 --> 00:18:24,559
forming an evanescent state in in this

469
00:18:28,549 --> 00:18:26,799
region in between the two metal layers

470
00:18:30,630 --> 00:18:28,559
and it can be transmitted into this

471
00:18:32,549 --> 00:18:30,640
second metal layer

472
00:18:34,710 --> 00:18:32,559
once it's transmitted into the second

473
00:18:37,750 --> 00:18:34,720
metal layer it can

474
00:18:40,230 --> 00:18:37,760
lose its energy and decay and it really

475
00:18:43,190 --> 00:18:40,240
will not go back we've essentially

476
00:18:44,310 --> 00:18:43,200
captured it most of the time

477
00:18:46,789 --> 00:18:44,320
and so

478
00:18:49,270 --> 00:18:46,799
uh this process using a metal insulator

479
00:18:52,070 --> 00:18:49,280
metal barrier may be a way to capture

480
00:18:55,510 --> 00:18:52,080
the zero point energy

481
00:18:57,909 --> 00:18:55,520
using mim devices is something that my

482
00:18:59,750 --> 00:18:57,919
lab has been working on for a couple of

483
00:19:02,150 --> 00:18:59,760
decades and we've probably made more of

484
00:19:04,549 --> 00:19:02,160
these devices than any other lab in the

485
00:19:07,909 --> 00:19:04,559
world and and looked at them for

486
00:19:09,590 --> 00:19:07,919
conventional uh energy applications but

487
00:19:10,390 --> 00:19:09,600
here we're going to be doing something

488
00:19:12,549 --> 00:19:10,400
different

489
00:19:14,710 --> 00:19:12,559
so let's see how this might interact

490
00:19:17,750 --> 00:19:14,720
with zero point energy

491
00:19:20,470 --> 00:19:17,760
so let's say that we have this metal

492
00:19:22,470 --> 00:19:20,480
insulator metal barrier the base metal

493
00:19:24,789 --> 00:19:22,480
is going to be thick

494
00:19:26,390 --> 00:19:24,799
the upper metal layer in this case is

495
00:19:28,549 --> 00:19:26,400
going to be very thin and then we've got

496
00:19:30,789 --> 00:19:28,559
an ultra thin insulator in between it

497
00:19:33,029 --> 00:19:30,799
just a couple of nanometers thick

498
00:19:35,590 --> 00:19:33,039
so if we've got zero point energy

499
00:19:37,669 --> 00:19:35,600
impinging on the outer surface it can

500
00:19:39,750 --> 00:19:37,679
energize some of those electrons we were

501
00:19:42,310 --> 00:19:39,760
talking about and if this upper

502
00:19:45,029 --> 00:19:42,320
electrode is thin enough those energized

503
00:19:48,630 --> 00:19:45,039
electrons can go across the barrier and

504
00:19:50,870 --> 00:19:48,640
be absorbed in the base electrode now

505
00:19:53,270 --> 00:19:50,880
just sitting out in free space they're

506
00:19:55,510 --> 00:19:53,280
going to be a balance of processes

507
00:19:57,430 --> 00:19:55,520
there'll be energy going from the upper

508
00:19:59,990 --> 00:19:57,440
electrode to the base electrode and then

509
00:20:02,390 --> 00:20:00,000
also internal zero point energy modes in

510
00:20:04,310 --> 00:20:02,400
the base electrode that excite electrons

511
00:20:06,549 --> 00:20:04,320
that go into the upper electrode and so

512
00:20:09,029 --> 00:20:06,559
there's no net flow of current this

513
00:20:12,070 --> 00:20:09,039
thing just sits around

514
00:20:13,350 --> 00:20:12,080
but what happens aha if we add a casimir

515
00:20:17,190 --> 00:20:13,360
cavity

516
00:20:19,110 --> 00:20:17,200
of this

517
00:20:21,190 --> 00:20:19,120
we've now suppressed

518
00:20:23,669 --> 00:20:21,200
some of the electromagnetic modes some

519
00:20:25,029 --> 00:20:23,679
of the light that's impinging on the

520
00:20:26,950 --> 00:20:25,039
upper cavity

521
00:20:27,990 --> 00:20:26,960
and so that means we're now going to

522
00:20:29,110 --> 00:20:28,000
have

523
00:20:31,110 --> 00:20:29,120
fewer

524
00:20:34,630 --> 00:20:31,120
electrons going

525
00:20:37,110 --> 00:20:34,640
that are excited by this outside

526
00:20:38,230 --> 00:20:37,120
quantum vacuum that reached the lower

527
00:20:41,190 --> 00:20:38,240
cavity

528
00:20:44,230 --> 00:20:41,200
and so we reduce the flow this way the

529
00:20:47,350 --> 00:20:44,240
flow this way may stay the same and so

530
00:20:50,390 --> 00:20:47,360
now we've induced a net flow from the

531
00:20:53,990 --> 00:20:50,400
base electrode to the upper electrode

532
00:20:56,470 --> 00:20:54,000
and that is the secret sauce that's how

533
00:20:57,830 --> 00:20:56,480
our device works

534
00:21:00,950 --> 00:20:57,840
let's take a look at the actual

535
00:21:02,870 --> 00:21:00,960
structure we're dealing with so we have

536
00:21:04,870 --> 00:21:02,880
a structure that's very much like what i

537
00:21:07,669 --> 00:21:04,880
said we've got a substrate a base

538
00:21:09,590 --> 00:21:07,679
electrode insulator up electrode for the

539
00:21:11,590 --> 00:21:09,600
casimir cavity instead of having free

540
00:21:13,750 --> 00:21:11,600
space we're actually putting a piece of

541
00:21:16,149 --> 00:21:13,760
transparent dielectric there

542
00:21:19,669 --> 00:21:16,159
so that we can keep the spacing constant

543
00:21:22,630 --> 00:21:19,679
it's either a polymer or a glass and

544
00:21:25,909 --> 00:21:22,640
then we put a mirror on top so this is

545
00:21:28,710 --> 00:21:25,919
our casimir cavity this is our metal

546
00:21:31,510 --> 00:21:28,720
insulator metal diode and we measure the

547
00:21:33,830 --> 00:21:31,520
current that goes between the upper

548
00:21:35,669 --> 00:21:33,840
electrode and the lower electrode what

549
00:21:38,870 --> 00:21:35,679
you see in the bottom right

550
00:21:43,830 --> 00:21:40,470
image of

551
00:21:45,990 --> 00:21:43,840
an electron microscope

552
00:21:47,590 --> 00:21:46,000
image of one of our actual working

553
00:21:50,310 --> 00:21:47,600
devices

554
00:21:53,510 --> 00:21:50,320
and uh so we built these we built them

555
00:21:57,029 --> 00:21:53,520
over a number of years

556
00:21:59,830 --> 00:21:57,039
it was a tricky technology to get going

557
00:22:02,070 --> 00:21:59,840
we i was kind of skeptical as to whether

558
00:22:03,190 --> 00:22:02,080
our results really showed anything or

559
00:22:04,149 --> 00:22:03,200
not

560
00:22:04,950 --> 00:22:04,159
and

561
00:22:07,110 --> 00:22:04,960
uh

562
00:22:09,590 --> 00:22:07,120
finally a technician who's been working

563
00:22:11,510 --> 00:22:09,600
in my lab for three decades now dave

564
00:22:15,669 --> 00:22:11,520
doroski said look garrett you really

565
00:22:17,510 --> 00:22:15,679
have got to do this so we we we just

566
00:22:19,430 --> 00:22:17,520
dug in and

567
00:22:21,350 --> 00:22:19,440
spent a lot of our spare time this was

568
00:22:24,390 --> 00:22:21,360
not our main project

569
00:22:26,149 --> 00:22:24,400
and uh he along with the postdoc ayandra

570
00:22:28,149 --> 00:22:26,159
wearakodi

571
00:22:29,510 --> 00:22:28,159
built some devices and they built it and

572
00:22:31,110 --> 00:22:29,520
they seemed to produce something and

573
00:22:33,510 --> 00:22:31,120
they built it and it seemed to produce

574
00:22:34,470 --> 00:22:33,520
something and this happened over and

575
00:22:37,909 --> 00:22:34,480
over

576
00:22:40,630 --> 00:22:37,919
and so actually it looks like the thing

577
00:22:41,590 --> 00:22:40,640
works believe it or not and i was blown

578
00:22:43,909 --> 00:22:41,600
away

579
00:22:46,310 --> 00:22:43,919
so if we take a look

580
00:22:49,190 --> 00:22:46,320
at a current voltage characteristic this

581
00:22:52,070 --> 00:22:49,200
is a way of looking at the output of a

582
00:22:55,830 --> 00:22:52,080
device so you can see here's current as

583
00:22:57,750 --> 00:22:55,840
a function of voltage and the way that

584
00:22:58,710 --> 00:22:57,760
one should look at these current voltage

585
00:23:00,950 --> 00:22:58,720
curves

586
00:23:01,750 --> 00:23:00,960
is that uh if

587
00:23:04,149 --> 00:23:01,760
the

588
00:23:06,470 --> 00:23:04,159
curve falls in

589
00:23:08,710 --> 00:23:06,480
so this is quadrant number one if the

590
00:23:11,590 --> 00:23:08,720
curve fall when the curve is down here

591
00:23:14,230 --> 00:23:11,600
it's the device is using power when the

592
00:23:16,870 --> 00:23:14,240
curve is over here it's producing power

593
00:23:19,750 --> 00:23:16,880
using and producing and you find that

594
00:23:21,590 --> 00:23:19,760
right here in fact we are producing

595
00:23:23,590 --> 00:23:21,600
power the thing is just sitting there

596
00:23:26,070 --> 00:23:23,600
it's putting out voltage and it's

597
00:23:28,230 --> 00:23:26,080
putting out current and in fact in some

598
00:23:30,470 --> 00:23:28,240
of our better devices so far they put

599
00:23:33,350 --> 00:23:30,480
about put out about 70 watts per square

600
00:23:35,110 --> 00:23:33,360
meter of power

601
00:23:37,669 --> 00:23:35,120
and

602
00:23:40,710 --> 00:23:37,679
so we looked at this as a function of

603
00:23:43,269 --> 00:23:40,720
the casimir cavity thickness now we know

604
00:23:45,269 --> 00:23:43,279
that the thinner the casimir cavity is

605
00:23:47,350 --> 00:23:45,279
the more it will suppress these

606
00:23:49,830 --> 00:23:47,360
zero-point energy modes and so the

607
00:23:52,310 --> 00:23:49,840
bigger the differences between having

608
00:23:54,390 --> 00:23:52,320
the cavity there not having it there

609
00:23:56,310 --> 00:23:54,400
so that's exactly what we see

610
00:23:59,750 --> 00:23:56,320
we see that this current

611
00:24:03,269 --> 00:23:59,760
increases for thinner cavities and it

612
00:24:04,789 --> 00:24:03,279
decreases for thicker cavities and we've

613
00:24:07,750 --> 00:24:04,799
used again two different types of

614
00:24:10,070 --> 00:24:07,760
cavities one with a polymer and one with

615
00:24:14,070 --> 00:24:10,080
sio2 in it

616
00:24:16,870 --> 00:24:15,510
we

617
00:24:19,510 --> 00:24:16,880
then

618
00:24:22,149 --> 00:24:19,520
said can this really be true and we

619
00:24:24,950 --> 00:24:22,159
ended up spending more time trying to

620
00:24:27,350 --> 00:24:24,960
disprove ourselves than we did in the

621
00:24:30,149 --> 00:24:27,360
initial findings and we went through

622
00:24:31,990 --> 00:24:30,159
eight fairly rigorous tests to test

623
00:24:33,110 --> 00:24:32,000
whether we might be seeing artifacts or

624
00:24:35,909 --> 00:24:33,120
not

625
00:24:37,750 --> 00:24:35,919
so one of the tests was to see whether

626
00:24:39,830 --> 00:24:37,760
maybe there's some chemical reaction

627
00:24:41,830 --> 00:24:39,840
that's occurring and it's really it will

628
00:24:45,110 --> 00:24:41,840
peter out after a time and it's not

629
00:24:48,310 --> 00:24:45,120
really a constant current but in fact it

630
00:24:50,630 --> 00:24:48,320
is it continues for

631
00:24:52,149 --> 00:24:50,640
indefinitely here's a plot showing four

632
00:24:54,230 --> 00:24:52,159
hours in which the current is pretty

633
00:24:56,950 --> 00:24:54,240
much constant so we don't have a

634
00:24:58,870 --> 00:24:56,960
depletion of any built-in charge

635
00:25:01,269 --> 00:24:58,880
so then we thought if this really works

636
00:25:03,110 --> 00:25:01,279
it should scale with area so we built

637
00:25:05,510 --> 00:25:03,120
devices

638
00:25:08,470 --> 00:25:05,520
from sub micron size up to about 100

639
00:25:10,149 --> 00:25:08,480
microns on edge and yes the current does

640
00:25:12,710 --> 00:25:10,159
scale with area

641
00:25:14,630 --> 00:25:12,720
and we said well if this really works

642
00:25:15,830 --> 00:25:14,640
then if you built an array of these

643
00:25:18,390 --> 00:25:15,840
devices

644
00:25:19,750 --> 00:25:18,400
the currents and the voltages should add

645
00:25:22,149 --> 00:25:19,760
up

646
00:25:23,350 --> 00:25:22,159
and so so far we've built some small

647
00:25:25,269 --> 00:25:23,360
arrays

648
00:25:26,710 --> 00:25:25,279
and we built them in two different ways

649
00:25:29,029 --> 00:25:26,720
they're a series in parallel

650
00:25:30,870 --> 00:25:29,039
combinations so we get we should be

651
00:25:33,750 --> 00:25:30,880
getting about four times current and

652
00:25:36,710 --> 00:25:33,760
four times the voltage for this and you

653
00:25:38,310 --> 00:25:36,720
see here that in fact uh this is the

654
00:25:39,750 --> 00:25:38,320
short circuit current and again open

655
00:25:42,870 --> 00:25:39,760
circuit voltage

656
00:25:44,549 --> 00:25:42,880
this is a single device and these are

657
00:25:47,750 --> 00:25:44,559
two different types of four by four

658
00:25:49,510 --> 00:25:47,760
arrays and they do in fact produce about

659
00:25:51,909 --> 00:25:49,520
four times as much voltage and four

660
00:25:53,830 --> 00:25:51,919
times as much current let me say well

661
00:25:55,669 --> 00:25:53,840
maybe this is due to some pickup maybe

662
00:25:58,310 --> 00:25:55,679
there's pickup from electromagnetic

663
00:26:00,630 --> 00:25:58,320
radiation outside so we measured these

664
00:26:02,470 --> 00:26:00,640
devices in a new metal box

665
00:26:04,310 --> 00:26:02,480
which blocks

666
00:26:06,710 --> 00:26:04,320
low frequency

667
00:26:09,190 --> 00:26:06,720
electromagnetic pickup got the same

668
00:26:11,029 --> 00:26:09,200
current voltage curve we measured it in

669
00:26:14,390 --> 00:26:11,039
an aluminum box which blocks the high

670
00:26:16,470 --> 00:26:14,400
frequency uh electromagnetic radiation

671
00:26:18,549 --> 00:26:16,480
again we got the same

672
00:26:19,669 --> 00:26:18,559
curve so it doesn't seem to be due to

673
00:26:21,510 --> 00:26:19,679
that

674
00:26:24,070 --> 00:26:21,520
we carried out

675
00:26:25,990 --> 00:26:24,080
four more tests that i don't have time

676
00:26:28,870 --> 00:26:26,000
to go into them all now

677
00:26:30,310 --> 00:26:28,880
we've built thousands of devices uh

678
00:26:31,909 --> 00:26:30,320
dozens of different types of

679
00:26:35,110 --> 00:26:31,919
configurations

680
00:26:37,430 --> 00:26:35,120
and we see this result over and over

681
00:26:39,669 --> 00:26:37,440
we're convinced that we really are

682
00:26:41,990 --> 00:26:39,679
seeing something but is it zero point

683
00:26:44,950 --> 00:26:42,000
energy might it be something else for

684
00:26:47,830 --> 00:26:44,960
example could it be due to cosmic rays

685
00:26:50,950 --> 00:26:47,840
well a quick calculation tells us that

686
00:26:53,110 --> 00:26:50,960
the highest flux of cosmic rays we know

687
00:26:56,310 --> 00:26:53,120
is about 10 000 particles per square

688
00:26:58,950 --> 00:26:56,320
meter per second impinging on earth

689
00:27:02,310 --> 00:26:58,960
and so for our tiny devices that

690
00:27:04,630 --> 00:27:02,320
translates into about one hit every 160

691
00:27:06,950 --> 00:27:04,640
years so that would mean we wouldn't see

692
00:27:09,190 --> 00:27:06,960
a continuous current but we do it's not

693
00:27:11,909 --> 00:27:09,200
cosmic rays well could it even be

694
00:27:14,789 --> 00:27:11,919
something exotic like neutrinos

695
00:27:17,350 --> 00:27:14,799
so neutrinos have a higher flux

696
00:27:20,710 --> 00:27:17,360
there we would end up with about four

697
00:27:23,590 --> 00:27:20,720
hits per second for our devices

698
00:27:26,070 --> 00:27:23,600
for the of the highest flux neutrinos

699
00:27:28,710 --> 00:27:26,080
but the problem is that neutrinos are

700
00:27:31,350 --> 00:27:28,720
known to have an extremely small capture

701
00:27:33,269 --> 00:27:31,360
cross-section in matter in other words

702
00:27:35,430 --> 00:27:33,279
neutrinos are constantly going through

703
00:27:37,510 --> 00:27:35,440
us and through earth and everything else

704
00:27:39,269 --> 00:27:37,520
and there's no known means that you

705
00:27:42,470 --> 00:27:39,279
could absorb the neutrinos to give us

706
00:27:45,269 --> 00:27:42,480
the effect that we're seeing so no it's

707
00:27:48,389 --> 00:27:45,279
not you due to neutrinos

708
00:27:51,350 --> 00:27:48,399
so this really looks like we are

709
00:27:53,830 --> 00:27:51,360
harvesting energy

710
00:27:55,669 --> 00:27:53,840
and so you think what what can we do

711
00:27:58,070 --> 00:27:55,679
with this energy

712
00:27:59,990 --> 00:27:58,080
so the way we've thought about working

713
00:28:03,510 --> 00:28:00,000
of using it

714
00:28:04,789 --> 00:28:03,520
is uh essentially making batteries that

715
00:28:07,430 --> 00:28:04,799
don't run out

716
00:28:10,710 --> 00:28:07,440
so it's similar in cost to solar cells

717
00:28:12,870 --> 00:28:10,720
per unit area but potentially uh can

718
00:28:14,630 --> 00:28:12,880
have higher power densities and in fact

719
00:28:16,710 --> 00:28:14,640
you can stack these things and do all

720
00:28:18,950 --> 00:28:16,720
sorts of things to to give them higher

721
00:28:20,789 --> 00:28:18,960
power density

722
00:28:23,029 --> 00:28:20,799
uh so initially the goal is to make

723
00:28:26,230 --> 00:28:23,039
small batteries for mobile phones

724
00:28:27,350 --> 00:28:26,240
electronics uh then for lighting

725
00:28:28,950 --> 00:28:27,360
uh then

726
00:28:31,190 --> 00:28:28,960
stacking these things together and

727
00:28:33,590 --> 00:28:31,200
making power for electric vehicles

728
00:28:35,510 --> 00:28:33,600
desalinization

729
00:28:37,110 --> 00:28:35,520
wearable electronics and temperature

730
00:28:38,789 --> 00:28:37,120
control

731
00:28:39,909 --> 00:28:38,799
industrial

732
00:28:41,909 --> 00:28:39,919
and

733
00:28:42,950 --> 00:28:41,919
home power units

734
00:28:45,110 --> 00:28:42,960
maybe

735
00:28:48,549 --> 00:28:45,120
ultimately aircraft

736
00:28:50,710 --> 00:28:48,559
trains ships space vehicles imagine

737
00:28:54,389 --> 00:28:50,720
airplanes that don't have these engines

738
00:28:55,750 --> 00:28:54,399
that are constantly irritating us

739
00:28:58,710 --> 00:28:55,760
so

740
00:28:59,990 --> 00:28:58,720
the uses are are tremendous

741
00:29:00,950 --> 00:29:00,000
so far

742
00:29:03,110 --> 00:29:00,960
we've

743
00:29:05,590 --> 00:29:03,120
not been able to demonstrate these

744
00:29:08,230 --> 00:29:05,600
things because i've got a small lab just

745
00:29:10,230 --> 00:29:08,240
a few people working and so we're slowly

746
00:29:12,870 --> 00:29:10,240
slowly building up

747
00:29:15,669 --> 00:29:12,880
to try to demonstrate this but if this

748
00:29:18,789 --> 00:29:15,679
in fact is as it appears to be it could

749
00:29:21,590 --> 00:29:18,799
be earth-shaking i mean think about the

750
00:29:24,070 --> 00:29:21,600
the the implications for our life on

751
00:29:25,350 --> 00:29:24,080
earth just let your imagination

752
00:29:26,389 --> 00:29:25,360
wander

753
00:29:29,590 --> 00:29:26,399
um

754
00:29:31,830 --> 00:29:29,600
we could have no electric power lines

755
00:29:34,070 --> 00:29:31,840
we could have no cords for devices

756
00:29:35,909 --> 00:29:34,080
everything has its own power we can have

757
00:29:39,029 --> 00:29:35,919
ubiquitous power

758
00:29:41,190 --> 00:29:39,039
everywhere all the time 24 hours a day

759
00:29:42,789 --> 00:29:41,200
remote power globally

760
00:29:44,149 --> 00:29:42,799
it would essentially eliminate all

761
00:29:47,190 --> 00:29:44,159
carbon-based

762
00:29:49,110 --> 00:29:47,200
uh producing greenhouse gases

763
00:29:53,750 --> 00:29:49,120
uh

764
00:29:55,110 --> 00:29:53,760
i mean it can be quite upsetting but it

765
00:29:56,870 --> 00:29:55,120
can also be

766
00:29:58,710 --> 00:29:56,880
the uh

767
00:30:01,990 --> 00:29:58,720
really change the world in a much better

768
00:30:04,549 --> 00:30:02,000
way if in fact it's right

769
00:30:05,990 --> 00:30:04,559
okay so what do we know so far

770
00:30:08,230 --> 00:30:06,000
uh we know

771
00:30:09,190 --> 00:30:08,240
that we have casimir cavities and when

772
00:30:12,070 --> 00:30:09,200
they're

773
00:30:14,389 --> 00:30:12,080
adjoining ultra fast charge transport

774
00:30:16,549 --> 00:30:14,399
devices then we produce powers and we've

775
00:30:18,630 --> 00:30:16,559
tested this many times over and over

776
00:30:21,269 --> 00:30:18,640
there's no question it works

777
00:30:23,510 --> 00:30:21,279
uh we've had current increases for

778
00:30:24,789 --> 00:30:23,520
thinner casimir cavities so that's

779
00:30:27,909 --> 00:30:24,799
consistent

780
00:30:29,190 --> 00:30:27,919
with creating a larger sink for zero

781
00:30:32,549 --> 00:30:29,200
point energy when you make these

782
00:30:34,789 --> 00:30:32,559
cavities smaller and so it looks like it

783
00:30:36,789 --> 00:30:34,799
has the signature of zero point energy

784
00:30:37,909 --> 00:30:36,799
but we certainly don't we haven't proved

785
00:30:42,630 --> 00:30:37,919
that

786
00:30:45,110 --> 00:30:42,640
anyone can suggest to us as to what's

787
00:30:48,389 --> 00:30:45,120
happening and all of the different tests

788
00:30:51,669 --> 00:30:48,399
for artifacts were negative

789
00:30:54,310 --> 00:30:51,679
we've published uh two papers

790
00:30:55,269 --> 00:30:54,320
uh which have been pretty much

791
00:30:57,070 --> 00:30:55,279
uh

792
00:30:59,509 --> 00:30:57,080
gone out there they're they're in

793
00:31:01,350 --> 00:30:59,519
non-mainstream journals

794
00:31:04,389 --> 00:31:01,360
i'm sorry they're in mainstream journals

795
00:31:05,830 --> 00:31:04,399
but not very high profile journals and

796
00:31:07,990 --> 00:31:05,840
they've been met

797
00:31:11,269 --> 00:31:08,000
pretty much with

798
00:31:14,149 --> 00:31:11,279
neglect there's been no reaction from

799
00:31:15,029 --> 00:31:14,159
the scientific community

800
00:31:16,549 --> 00:31:15,039
why

801
00:31:18,230 --> 00:31:16,559
because people can't believe these

802
00:31:20,230 --> 00:31:18,240
results

803
00:31:23,110 --> 00:31:20,240
and there's good reason to not believe

804
00:31:26,310 --> 00:31:23,120
the results so let's take a look at in

805
00:31:29,430 --> 00:31:26,320
the way that perhaps we're challenging

806
00:31:30,310 --> 00:31:29,440
the second law of thermodynamics here

807
00:31:31,990 --> 00:31:30,320
so

808
00:31:33,750 --> 00:31:32,000
second law of thermodynamics says that

809
00:31:36,710 --> 00:31:33,760
it's impossible to convert heat from a

810
00:31:40,950 --> 00:31:36,720
system in uniform temperature into work

811
00:31:44,230 --> 00:31:40,960
and it's a very uh rigorously uh uh

812
00:31:47,110 --> 00:31:44,240
understood law and believed in uh so for

813
00:31:49,350 --> 00:31:47,120
example sir arthur eddington wrote if

814
00:31:50,710 --> 00:31:49,360
somebody points out to you that your pet

815
00:31:53,190 --> 00:31:50,720
theory of the universe is in

816
00:31:54,950 --> 00:31:53,200
disagreement with maxwell's equations

817
00:31:56,070 --> 00:31:54,960
then so much worse for maxwell's

818
00:31:57,750 --> 00:31:56,080
equations

819
00:32:00,470 --> 00:31:57,760
if it's found to be contradicted by

820
00:32:02,310 --> 00:32:00,480
observation well these experimental

821
00:32:03,590 --> 00:32:02,320
experimentalists do bungled things

822
00:32:05,430 --> 00:32:03,600
sometimes

823
00:32:08,310 --> 00:32:05,440
but if your theory is found to be

824
00:32:10,789 --> 00:32:08,320
against the second law of thermodynamics

825
00:32:12,149 --> 00:32:10,799
i can give you no hope there's nothing

826
00:32:16,470 --> 00:32:12,159
for for it

827
00:32:19,669 --> 00:32:16,480
but to collapse into deepest humiliation

828
00:32:21,430 --> 00:32:19,679
uh einstein uh wrote that thermodynamics

829
00:32:24,870 --> 00:32:21,440
is the only physical theory which i'm

830
00:32:26,950 --> 00:32:24,880
convinced will never be overthrown

831
00:32:30,549 --> 00:32:26,960
uh he it even

832
00:32:32,789 --> 00:32:30,559
enters into our patent and legal system

833
00:32:35,350 --> 00:32:32,799
through essential reinforcement of this

834
00:32:37,990 --> 00:32:35,360
law the second law of thermodynamics is

835
00:32:39,909 --> 00:32:38,000
considered so fundamental that the u.s

836
00:32:42,310 --> 00:32:39,919
patent and trademark office will not

837
00:32:44,789 --> 00:32:42,320
consider patent applications that claim

838
00:32:47,350 --> 00:32:44,799
to violate it unless a working model is

839
00:32:50,230 --> 00:32:47,360
provided with the application

840
00:32:53,509 --> 00:32:50,240
so if this law is so

841
00:32:56,630 --> 00:32:53,519
rigorously believed it's proven right

842
00:32:58,630 --> 00:32:56,640
well it's been observed for well over a

843
00:33:00,870 --> 00:32:58,640
century since the invention of this of

844
00:33:02,789 --> 00:33:00,880
the steam engine the implications of the

845
00:33:05,990 --> 00:33:02,799
second law have been observed

846
00:33:08,470 --> 00:33:06,000
it's been derived theoretically in

847
00:33:10,470 --> 00:33:08,480
idealized situations with

848
00:33:12,710 --> 00:33:10,480
various assumptions about the initial

849
00:33:15,269 --> 00:33:12,720
state but it's not

850
00:33:16,549 --> 00:33:15,279
fully derived it's not a proven law in

851
00:33:18,149 --> 00:33:16,559
that sense

852
00:33:19,190 --> 00:33:18,159
and

853
00:33:20,310 --> 00:33:19,200
then

854
00:33:22,630 --> 00:33:20,320
another

855
00:33:24,789 --> 00:33:22,640
argument again in favor of the second

856
00:33:27,669 --> 00:33:24,799
law is that it's often stated that no

857
00:33:29,750 --> 00:33:27,679
demonstrated violations are generally

858
00:33:31,909 --> 00:33:29,760
recognized that's right isn't it there

859
00:33:32,789 --> 00:33:31,919
are no demonstrated violations

860
00:33:35,029 --> 00:33:32,799
well

861
00:33:37,590 --> 00:33:35,039
uh how about the paper published by

862
00:33:39,830 --> 00:33:37,600
daniel sheehan on epic catalysis in

863
00:33:42,389 --> 00:33:39,840
which he had a system

864
00:33:44,630 --> 00:33:42,399
at supposedly equilibrium where he

865
00:33:45,350 --> 00:33:44,640
created a temperature difference because

866
00:33:47,350 --> 00:33:45,360
of

867
00:33:51,830 --> 00:33:47,360
interactions and surfaces between two

868
00:33:53,990 --> 00:33:51,840
gases or a recent paper by tibeto

869
00:33:57,590 --> 00:33:54,000
in which they had a

870
00:34:00,389 --> 00:33:57,600
graphene layer that thermally vibrated

871
00:34:02,789 --> 00:34:00,399
and these vibrations were turned into

872
00:34:05,029 --> 00:34:02,799
electrical power thibodeaux was able to

873
00:34:06,470 --> 00:34:05,039
publish it because he said right next to

874
00:34:08,790 --> 00:34:06,480
it he had a little resistor that

875
00:34:11,030 --> 00:34:08,800
dissipated the power so all the power

876
00:34:13,190 --> 00:34:11,040
that was generated ended up being used

877
00:34:14,790 --> 00:34:13,200
up there so he said this shows that the

878
00:34:16,710 --> 00:34:14,800
second law of thermodynamics is

879
00:34:17,510 --> 00:34:16,720
conserved

880
00:34:20,069 --> 00:34:17,520
but

881
00:34:20,950 --> 00:34:20,079
that's really i i wonder whether he did

882
00:34:22,389 --> 00:34:20,960
this

883
00:34:24,629 --> 00:34:22,399
in order to get it published i don't

884
00:34:27,109 --> 00:34:24,639
have any particular insights but it sure

885
00:34:30,149 --> 00:34:27,119
seems like a violation to me

886
00:34:33,510 --> 00:34:30,159
daniel sheehan has other uh work on a

887
00:34:35,750 --> 00:34:33,520
concentration gradients with membranes

888
00:34:36,550 --> 00:34:35,760
we've published two papers which clearly

889
00:34:39,829 --> 00:34:36,560
show

890
00:34:41,510 --> 00:34:39,839
uh energy being harvested and then we've

891
00:34:43,829 --> 00:34:41,520
got to ask the question how many other

892
00:34:46,310 --> 00:34:43,839
papers or ideas

893
00:34:48,230 --> 00:34:46,320
were rejected by publishers and patent

894
00:34:49,190 --> 00:34:48,240
examiners because they just couldn't be

895
00:34:50,470 --> 00:34:49,200
right

896
00:34:53,270 --> 00:34:50,480
so i don't know if there are

897
00:34:55,270 --> 00:34:53,280
demonstrated violations

898
00:34:57,910 --> 00:34:55,280
so then we can say well

899
00:35:00,630 --> 00:34:57,920
at least we know mainstream science is

900
00:35:03,910 --> 00:35:00,640
much more reliable than

901
00:35:06,790 --> 00:35:03,920
than looking at these exotic phenomena

902
00:35:09,349 --> 00:35:06,800
and so to to discuss this i'd like to

903
00:35:12,470 --> 00:35:09,359
tell you a story about when i was a

904
00:35:14,950 --> 00:35:12,480
beginning graduate student at harvard

905
00:35:17,589 --> 00:35:14,960
so i was working for a postdoc

906
00:35:20,390 --> 00:35:17,599
and we were looking at this material

907
00:35:21,589 --> 00:35:20,400
amorphous silicon made by sputtering

908
00:35:23,829 --> 00:35:21,599
and

909
00:35:24,950 --> 00:35:23,839
the post-doc had the idea

910
00:35:27,349 --> 00:35:24,960
that if

911
00:35:29,589 --> 00:35:27,359
we sputter it i know you don't need to

912
00:35:30,550 --> 00:35:29,599
go into this but if we deposit it in a

913
00:35:33,109 --> 00:35:30,560
condition

914
00:35:35,910 --> 00:35:33,119
where we vary the argon pressure we're

915
00:35:37,829 --> 00:35:35,920
going to be seeing different

916
00:35:39,670 --> 00:35:37,839
qualities of amorphous silicon so we

917
00:35:43,589 --> 00:35:39,680
used photoconductivity to measure the

918
00:35:45,589 --> 00:35:43,599
quality and he expected that really at

919
00:35:48,310 --> 00:35:45,599
low argon pressure this stuff would be

920
00:35:50,390 --> 00:35:48,320
defective at high argon pressure it

921
00:35:52,310 --> 00:35:50,400
would also be defective for various

922
00:35:53,430 --> 00:35:52,320
other reasons and in the middle we'd

923
00:35:55,990 --> 00:35:53,440
we'd have a

924
00:35:58,150 --> 00:35:56,000
a region where we'd sort of peak and

925
00:35:59,829 --> 00:35:58,160
have the best

926
00:36:02,150 --> 00:35:59,839
condition

927
00:36:04,710 --> 00:36:02,160
and so

928
00:36:06,390 --> 00:36:04,720
we did some tests and it came out a

929
00:36:08,630 --> 00:36:06,400
little bit different it looked sort of

930
00:36:11,030 --> 00:36:08,640
like this and he said well wait a minute

931
00:36:13,190 --> 00:36:11,040
we had some beryllium substrates in the

932
00:36:16,069 --> 00:36:13,200
chamber and they must have contaminated

933
00:36:17,829 --> 00:36:16,079
so we better redo the tests and and make

934
00:36:20,470 --> 00:36:17,839
another batch of films and test them

935
00:36:22,790 --> 00:36:20,480
again so we did it again and again it

936
00:36:23,910 --> 00:36:22,800
came out with a a different sort of

937
00:36:25,750 --> 00:36:23,920
trend

938
00:36:27,670 --> 00:36:25,760
and he said well wait a minute i think

939
00:36:30,470 --> 00:36:27,680
there was a leak in the sputtering

940
00:36:32,390 --> 00:36:30,480
system let's repair that leak and redo

941
00:36:34,630 --> 00:36:32,400
it so we did it again

942
00:36:36,150 --> 00:36:34,640
and we got the trend that he observed

943
00:36:38,230 --> 00:36:36,160
and we published it

944
00:36:40,950 --> 00:36:38,240
so is that good science

945
00:36:43,589 --> 00:36:40,960
just to choose the results you want

946
00:36:45,270 --> 00:36:43,599
this this is a mainstream publication

947
00:36:47,589 --> 00:36:45,280
except this was something that was

948
00:36:49,670 --> 00:36:47,599
believable so we didn't really need to

949
00:36:51,589 --> 00:36:49,680
prove it and so you wonder how many

950
00:36:53,670 --> 00:36:51,599
other things that are believable are

951
00:36:55,270 --> 00:36:53,680
actually rubbish that are published out

952
00:36:59,430 --> 00:36:55,280
there

953
00:37:01,030 --> 00:36:59,440
so we got a a number of very critical

954
00:37:03,990 --> 00:37:01,040
comments from reviewers on our

955
00:37:06,790 --> 00:37:04,000
manuscript for the zero point energy uh

956
00:37:09,270 --> 00:37:06,800
to review two reviews that weren't that

957
00:37:10,550 --> 00:37:09,280
uh negative came out with the following

958
00:37:12,870 --> 00:37:10,560
suggestion

959
00:37:14,870 --> 00:37:12,880
one viewer said perhaps the authors need

960
00:37:17,270 --> 00:37:14,880
to add a theoretical co-author to the

961
00:37:19,430 --> 00:37:17,280
paper to help come up with a plausible

962
00:37:21,030 --> 00:37:19,440
explanation for the effect

963
00:37:22,870 --> 00:37:21,040
another reviewer who

964
00:37:24,950 --> 00:37:22,880
who said we should publish it said i

965
00:37:27,670 --> 00:37:24,960
still hope the authors could give at

966
00:37:29,270 --> 00:37:27,680
least some basic theoretical analysis

967
00:37:31,670 --> 00:37:29,280
and compare it to the experimental

968
00:37:34,630 --> 00:37:31,680
results before publication

969
00:37:38,310 --> 00:37:34,640
so they're saying that you need to have

970
00:37:39,589 --> 00:37:38,320
a theory before you believe a result

971
00:37:41,270 --> 00:37:39,599
wait a minute

972
00:37:43,589 --> 00:37:41,280
is that how we live

973
00:37:45,510 --> 00:37:43,599
do do i need to understand

974
00:37:48,390 --> 00:37:45,520
how

975
00:37:50,550 --> 00:37:48,400
plants grow and digestion works before i

976
00:37:53,109 --> 00:37:50,560
can eat an apple and be satisfied from

977
00:37:55,670 --> 00:37:53,119
it or can i look at the experiment

978
00:37:59,030 --> 00:37:55,680
and then just believe that

979
00:38:02,230 --> 00:37:59,040
so in 1990 phillip anderson who won the

980
00:38:04,710 --> 00:38:02,240
nobel prize of in theoretical physics

981
00:38:06,790 --> 00:38:04,720
wrote in physics today

982
00:38:08,630 --> 00:38:06,800
in the reviewing process excessive

983
00:38:09,990 --> 00:38:08,640
weight is given to theoretical

984
00:38:12,390 --> 00:38:10,000
interpretation

985
00:38:14,390 --> 00:38:12,400
we don't want to lose sight of the fact

986
00:38:16,790 --> 00:38:14,400
that the most important experimental

987
00:38:19,190 --> 00:38:16,800
results are precisely those that do not

988
00:38:21,910 --> 00:38:19,200
have a theoretical interpretation

989
00:38:25,190 --> 00:38:21,920
a major weakness of our approach as

990
00:38:28,550 --> 00:38:25,200
scientists is a collective unwillingness

991
00:38:31,349 --> 00:38:28,560
to welcome new or anomalous results

992
00:38:33,589 --> 00:38:31,359
so even if we don't have a quantitative

993
00:38:36,470 --> 00:38:33,599
theory

994
00:38:39,349 --> 00:38:36,480
shouldn't we be looking at the data

995
00:38:41,030 --> 00:38:39,359
so this raises the question then

996
00:38:43,030 --> 00:38:41,040
how do you find the right balance

997
00:38:46,390 --> 00:38:43,040
because i spend a lot of my

998
00:38:47,349 --> 00:38:46,400
career actually dealing with

999
00:38:49,910 --> 00:38:47,359
uh

1000
00:38:53,349 --> 00:38:49,920
people who come to me with various sorts

1001
00:38:56,310 --> 00:38:53,359
of scientific inventions or conclusions

1002
00:38:57,750 --> 00:38:56,320
or ideas that really don't make sense

1003
00:39:00,230 --> 00:38:57,760
they actually

1004
00:39:02,390 --> 00:39:00,240
don't have any sort of theory but they

1005
00:39:05,430 --> 00:39:02,400
also don't have solid

1006
00:39:08,310 --> 00:39:05,440
experimental verification so is science

1007
00:39:10,870 --> 00:39:08,320
self-correcting is it and if so

1008
00:39:13,750 --> 00:39:10,880
how quickly are scientists too gullible

1009
00:39:16,150 --> 00:39:13,760
or are they not gullible enough

1010
00:39:18,950 --> 00:39:16,160
then we asked the basic question is the

1011
00:39:21,430 --> 00:39:18,960
second law of thermodynamics inviable or

1012
00:39:23,430 --> 00:39:21,440
has it already been violated but just

1013
00:39:25,349 --> 00:39:23,440
nobody believes it

1014
00:39:26,550 --> 00:39:25,359
um

1015
00:39:30,390 --> 00:39:26,560
how much

1016
00:39:33,270 --> 00:39:30,400
our renegade results worth investigating

1017
00:39:36,390 --> 00:39:33,280
uh for all of the people who come to us

1018
00:39:39,190 --> 00:39:36,400
and say einstein was wrong how much time

1019
00:39:41,589 --> 00:39:39,200
should we spend in trying to understand

1020
00:39:43,750 --> 00:39:41,599
uh whether their perspective is is

1021
00:39:46,230 --> 00:39:43,760
correct

1022
00:39:48,069 --> 00:39:46,240
should we accept results that we have no

1023
00:39:49,430 --> 00:39:48,079
explanation for

1024
00:39:50,310 --> 00:39:49,440
so which is it

1025
00:39:52,470 --> 00:39:50,320
uh

1026
00:39:54,870 --> 00:39:52,480
is our

1027
00:39:57,670 --> 00:39:54,880
technology um

1028
00:39:59,349 --> 00:39:57,680
a a consequence

1029
00:40:01,670 --> 00:39:59,359
is the the suppression of it or the

1030
00:40:04,309 --> 00:40:01,680
disbelief in it a consequence of the

1031
00:40:07,190 --> 00:40:04,319
dogmatic mainstream breaking through

1032
00:40:08,950 --> 00:40:07,200
or am i a mad scientist and am i

1033
00:40:11,109 --> 00:40:08,960
deluding myself

1034
00:40:12,230 --> 00:40:11,119
i don't know by the way does that look

1035
00:40:13,829 --> 00:40:12,240
like me

1036
00:40:15,670 --> 00:40:13,839
it is

1037
00:40:16,950 --> 00:40:15,680
so the question is

1038
00:40:20,390 --> 00:40:16,960
really

1039
00:40:22,710 --> 00:40:20,400
what do we do with this technology

1040
00:40:26,069 --> 00:40:22,720
thank you very much and

1041
00:40:28,470 --> 00:40:26,079
i appreciate your your attention to this